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convex-functions/skill.md
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convex-functions/skill.md
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---
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name: Convex Functions
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description: Writing queries, mutations, actions, and HTTP actions with proper argument validation, error handling, internal functions, and runtime considerations
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version: 1.0.0
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author: Convex
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tags: [convex, functions, queries, mutations, actions, http]
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---
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# Convex Functions
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Master Convex functions including queries, mutations, actions, and HTTP endpoints with proper validation, error handling, and runtime considerations.
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## Documentation Sources
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Before implementing, do not assume; fetch the latest documentation:
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- Primary: https://docs.convex.dev/functions
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- Query Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
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- Mutation Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
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- Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions
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- HTTP Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/http-actions
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- For broader context: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
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## Instructions
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### Function Types Overview
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| Type | Database Access | External APIs | Caching | Use Case |
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|------|----------------|---------------|---------|----------|
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| Query | Read-only | No | Yes, reactive | Fetching data |
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| Mutation | Read/Write | No | No | Modifying data |
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| Action | Via runQuery/runMutation | Yes | No | External integrations |
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| HTTP Action | Via runQuery/runMutation | Yes | No | Webhooks, APIs |
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### Queries
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Queries are reactive, cached, and read-only:
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```typescript
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import { query } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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export const getUser = query({
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args: { userId: v.id("users") },
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returns: v.union(
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v.object({
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_id: v.id("users"),
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_creationTime: v.number(),
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name: v.string(),
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email: v.string(),
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}),
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v.null()
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),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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return await ctx.db.get(args.userId);
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},
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});
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// Query with index
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export const listUserTasks = query({
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args: { userId: v.id("users") },
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returns: v.array(v.object({
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_id: v.id("tasks"),
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_creationTime: v.number(),
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title: v.string(),
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completed: v.boolean(),
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})),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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return await ctx.db
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.query("tasks")
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.withIndex("by_user", (q) => q.eq("userId", args.userId))
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.order("desc")
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.collect();
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},
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});
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```
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### Mutations
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Mutations modify the database and are transactional:
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```typescript
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import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";
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export const createTask = mutation({
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args: {
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title: v.string(),
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userId: v.id("users"),
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},
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returns: v.id("tasks"),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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// Validate user exists
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const user = await ctx.db.get(args.userId);
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if (!user) {
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throw new ConvexError("User not found");
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}
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return await ctx.db.insert("tasks", {
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title: args.title,
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userId: args.userId,
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completed: false,
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createdAt: Date.now(),
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});
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},
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});
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export const deleteTask = mutation({
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args: { taskId: v.id("tasks") },
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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await ctx.db.delete(args.taskId);
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return null;
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},
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});
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```
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### Actions
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Actions can call external APIs but have no direct database access:
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```typescript
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"use node";
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import { action } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";
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export const sendEmail = action({
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args: {
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to: v.string(),
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subject: v.string(),
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body: v.string(),
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},
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returns: v.object({ success: v.boolean() }),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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// Call external API
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const response = await fetch("https://api.email.com/send", {
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method: "POST",
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headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
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body: JSON.stringify(args),
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});
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return { success: response.ok };
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},
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});
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// Action calling queries and mutations
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export const processOrder = action({
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args: { orderId: v.id("orders") },
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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// Read data via query
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const order = await ctx.runQuery(api.orders.get, { orderId: args.orderId });
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if (!order) {
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throw new Error("Order not found");
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}
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// Call external payment API
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const paymentResult = await processPayment(order);
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// Update database via mutation
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await ctx.runMutation(internal.orders.updateStatus, {
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orderId: args.orderId,
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status: paymentResult.success ? "paid" : "failed",
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});
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return null;
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},
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});
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```
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### HTTP Actions
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HTTP actions handle webhooks and external requests:
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```typescript
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// convex/http.ts
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import { httpRouter } from "convex/server";
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import { httpAction } from "./_generated/server";
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import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";
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const http = httpRouter();
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// Webhook endpoint
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http.route({
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path: "/webhooks/stripe",
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method: "POST",
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handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
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const signature = request.headers.get("stripe-signature");
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const body = await request.text();
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// Verify webhook signature
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if (!verifyStripeSignature(body, signature)) {
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return new Response("Invalid signature", { status: 401 });
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}
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const event = JSON.parse(body);
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// Process webhook
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await ctx.runMutation(internal.payments.handleWebhook, {
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eventType: event.type,
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data: event.data,
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});
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return new Response("OK", { status: 200 });
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}),
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});
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// API endpoint
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http.route({
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path: "/api/users/:userId",
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method: "GET",
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handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
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const url = new URL(request.url);
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const userId = url.pathname.split("/").pop();
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const user = await ctx.runQuery(api.users.get, {
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userId: userId as Id<"users">
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});
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if (!user) {
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return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
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}
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return Response.json(user);
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}),
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});
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export default http;
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```
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### Internal Functions
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Use internal functions for sensitive operations:
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```typescript
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import { internalMutation, internalQuery, internalAction } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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// Only callable from other Convex functions
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export const _updateUserCredits = internalMutation({
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args: {
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userId: v.id("users"),
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amount: v.number(),
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},
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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const user = await ctx.db.get(args.userId);
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if (!user) return null;
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await ctx.db.patch(args.userId, {
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credits: (user.credits || 0) + args.amount,
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});
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return null;
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},
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});
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// Call internal function from action
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export const purchaseCredits = action({
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args: { userId: v.id("users"), amount: v.number() },
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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// Process payment externally
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await processPayment(args.amount);
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// Update credits via internal mutation
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await ctx.runMutation(internal.users._updateUserCredits, {
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userId: args.userId,
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amount: args.amount,
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});
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return null;
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},
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});
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```
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### Scheduling Functions
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Schedule functions to run later:
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```typescript
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import { mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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import { internal } from "./_generated/api";
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export const scheduleReminder = mutation({
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args: {
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userId: v.id("users"),
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message: v.string(),
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delayMs: v.number(),
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},
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returns: v.id("_scheduled_functions"),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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return await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(
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args.delayMs,
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internal.notifications.sendReminder,
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{ userId: args.userId, message: args.message }
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);
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},
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});
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export const sendReminder = internalMutation({
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args: {
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userId: v.id("users"),
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message: v.string(),
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},
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
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userId: args.userId,
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message: args.message,
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sentAt: Date.now(),
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});
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return null;
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},
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});
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```
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## Examples
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### Complete Function File
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```typescript
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// convex/messages.ts
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import { query, mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
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import { v } from "convex/values";
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import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";
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import { internal } from "./_generated/api";
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const messageValidator = v.object({
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_id: v.id("messages"),
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_creationTime: v.number(),
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channelId: v.id("channels"),
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authorId: v.id("users"),
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content: v.string(),
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editedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
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});
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// Public query
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export const list = query({
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args: {
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channelId: v.id("channels"),
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limit: v.optional(v.number()),
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},
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returns: v.array(messageValidator),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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const limit = args.limit ?? 50;
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return await ctx.db
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.query("messages")
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.withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
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.order("desc")
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.take(limit);
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},
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});
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// Public mutation
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export const send = mutation({
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args: {
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channelId: v.id("channels"),
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authorId: v.id("users"),
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content: v.string(),
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},
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returns: v.id("messages"),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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if (args.content.trim().length === 0) {
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throw new ConvexError("Message cannot be empty");
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}
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const messageId = await ctx.db.insert("messages", {
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channelId: args.channelId,
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authorId: args.authorId,
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content: args.content.trim(),
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});
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// Schedule notification
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await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.messages.notifySubscribers, {
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channelId: args.channelId,
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messageId,
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});
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return messageId;
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},
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});
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// Internal mutation
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export const notifySubscribers = internalMutation({
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args: {
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channelId: v.id("channels"),
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messageId: v.id("messages"),
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},
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returns: v.null(),
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handler: async (ctx, args) => {
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// Get channel subscribers and notify them
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const subscribers = await ctx.db
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.query("subscriptions")
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.withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
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.collect();
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for (const sub of subscribers) {
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await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
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userId: sub.userId,
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messageId: args.messageId,
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read: false,
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});
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}
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return null;
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},
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});
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```
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## Best Practices
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- Never run `npx convex deploy` unless explicitly instructed
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- Never run any git commands unless explicitly instructed
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- Always define args and returns validators
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- Use queries for read operations (they are cached and reactive)
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- Use mutations for write operations (they are transactional)
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- Use actions only when calling external APIs
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- Use internal functions for sensitive operations
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- Add `"use node";` at the top of action files using Node.js APIs
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- Handle errors with ConvexError for user-facing messages
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## Common Pitfalls
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1. **Using actions for database operations** - Use queries/mutations instead
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2. **Calling external APIs from queries/mutations** - Use actions
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3. **Forgetting to add "use node"** - Required for Node.js APIs in actions
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4. **Missing return validators** - Always specify returns
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5. **Not using internal functions for sensitive logic** - Protect with internalMutation
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## References
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- Convex Documentation: https://docs.convex.dev/
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- Convex LLMs.txt: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
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- Functions Overview: https://docs.convex.dev/functions
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- Query Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
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- Mutation Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
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- Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions
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