Reorganize: Move all skills to skills/ folder

- Created skills/ directory - Moved 272 skills to skills/ subfolder - Kept agents/ at root level - Kept installation scripts and docs at root level Repository structure: - skills/ - All 272 skills from skills.sh - agents/ - Agent definitions - *.sh, *.ps1 - Installation scripts - README.md, etc. - Documentation Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-01-23 18:05:17 +00:00
parent 2b4e974878
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+---
+name: Convex Migrations
+description: Schema migration strategies for evolving applications including adding new fields, backfilling data, removing deprecated fields, index migrations, and zero-downtime migration patterns
+version: 1.0.0
+author: Convex
+tags: [convex, migrations, schema, database, data-modeling]
+---
+
+# Convex Migrations
+
+Evolve your Convex database schema safely with patterns for adding fields, backfilling data, removing deprecated fields, and maintaining zero-downtime deployments.
+
+## Documentation Sources
+
+Before implementing, do not assume; fetch the latest documentation:
+
+- Primary: https://docs.convex.dev/database/schemas
+- Schema Overview: https://docs.convex.dev/database
+- Migration Patterns: https://stack.convex.dev/migrate-data-postgres-to-convex
+- For broader context: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
+
+## Instructions
+
+### Migration Philosophy
+
+Convex handles schema evolution differently than traditional databases:
+
+- No explicit migration files or commands
+- Schema changes deploy instantly with `npx convex dev`
+- Existing data is not automatically transformed
+- Use optional fields and backfill mutations for safe migrations
+
+### Adding New Fields
+
+Start with optional fields, then backfill:
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Add optional field to schema
+// convex/schema.ts
+import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+export default defineSchema({
+  users: defineTable({
+    name: v.string(),
+    email: v.string(),
+    // New field - start as optional
+    avatarUrl: v.optional(v.string()),
+  }),
+});
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Step 2: Update code to handle both cases
+// convex/users.ts
+import { query } from "./_generated/server";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+export const getUser = query({
+  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
+  returns: v.union(
+    v.object({
+      _id: v.id("users"),
+      name: v.string(),
+      email: v.string(),
+      avatarUrl: v.union(v.string(), v.null()),
+    }),
+    v.null()
+  ),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const user = await ctx.db.get(args.userId);
+    if (!user) return null;
+
+    return {
+      _id: user._id,
+      name: user.name,
+      email: user.email,
+      // Handle missing field gracefully
+      avatarUrl: user.avatarUrl ?? null,
+    };
+  },
+});
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Step 3: Backfill existing documents
+// convex/migrations.ts
+import { internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
+import { internal } from "./_generated/api";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+const BATCH_SIZE = 100;
+
+export const backfillAvatarUrl = internalMutation({
+  args: {
+    cursor: v.optional(v.string()),
+  },
+  returns: v.object({
+    processed: v.number(),
+    hasMore: v.boolean(),
+  }),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const result = await ctx.db
+      .query("users")
+      .paginate({ numItems: BATCH_SIZE, cursor: args.cursor ?? null });
+
+    let processed = 0;
+    for (const user of result.page) {
+      // Only update if field is missing
+      if (user.avatarUrl === undefined) {
+        await ctx.db.patch(user._id, {
+          avatarUrl: generateDefaultAvatar(user.name),
+        });
+        processed++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Schedule next batch if needed
+    if (!result.isDone) {
+      await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.migrations.backfillAvatarUrl, {
+        cursor: result.continueCursor,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return {
+      processed,
+      hasMore: !result.isDone,
+    };
+  },
+});
+
+function generateDefaultAvatar(name: string): string {
+  return `https://api.dicebear.com/7.x/initials/svg?seed=${encodeURIComponent(name)}`;
+}
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Step 4: After backfill completes, make field required
+// convex/schema.ts
+export default defineSchema({
+  users: defineTable({
+    name: v.string(),
+    email: v.string(),
+    avatarUrl: v.string(), // Now required
+  }),
+});
+```
+
+### Removing Fields
+
+Remove field usage before removing from schema:
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Stop using the field in queries and mutations
+// Mark as deprecated in code comments
+
+// Step 2: Remove field from schema (make optional first if needed)
+// convex/schema.ts
+export default defineSchema({
+  posts: defineTable({
+    title: v.string(),
+    content: v.string(),
+    authorId: v.id("users"),
+    // legacyField: v.optional(v.string()), // Remove this line
+  }),
+});
+
+// Step 3: Optionally clean up existing data
+// convex/migrations.ts
+export const removeDeprecatedField = internalMutation({
+  args: {
+    cursor: v.optional(v.string()),
+  },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const result = await ctx.db
+      .query("posts")
+      .paginate({ numItems: 100, cursor: args.cursor ?? null });
+
+    for (const post of result.page) {
+      // Use replace to remove the field entirely
+      const { legacyField, ...rest } = post as typeof post & { legacyField?: string };
+      if (legacyField !== undefined) {
+        await ctx.db.replace(post._id, rest);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!result.isDone) {
+      await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.migrations.removeDeprecatedField, {
+        cursor: result.continueCursor,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+```
+
+### Renaming Fields
+
+Renaming requires copying data to new field, then removing old:
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Add new field as optional
+// convex/schema.ts
+export default defineSchema({
+  users: defineTable({
+    userName: v.string(), // Old field
+    displayName: v.optional(v.string()), // New field
+  }),
+});
+
+// Step 2: Update code to read from new field with fallback
+export const getUser = query({
+  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
+  returns: v.object({
+    _id: v.id("users"),
+    displayName: v.string(),
+  }),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const user = await ctx.db.get(args.userId);
+    if (!user) throw new Error("User not found");
+
+    return {
+      _id: user._id,
+      // Read new field, fall back to old
+      displayName: user.displayName ?? user.userName,
+    };
+  },
+});
+
+// Step 3: Backfill to copy data
+export const backfillDisplayName = internalMutation({
+  args: { cursor: v.optional(v.string()) },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const result = await ctx.db
+      .query("users")
+      .paginate({ numItems: 100, cursor: args.cursor ?? null });
+
+    for (const user of result.page) {
+      if (user.displayName === undefined) {
+        await ctx.db.patch(user._id, {
+          displayName: user.userName,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!result.isDone) {
+      await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.migrations.backfillDisplayName, {
+        cursor: result.continueCursor,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+
+// Step 4: After backfill, update schema to make new field required
+// and remove old field
+export default defineSchema({
+  users: defineTable({
+    // userName removed
+    displayName: v.string(),
+  }),
+});
+```
+
+### Adding Indexes
+
+Add indexes before using them in queries:
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Add index to schema
+// convex/schema.ts
+export default defineSchema({
+  posts: defineTable({
+    title: v.string(),
+    authorId: v.id("users"),
+    publishedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    status: v.string(),
+  })
+    .index("by_author", ["authorId"])
+    // New index
+    .index("by_status_and_published", ["status", "publishedAt"]),
+});
+
+// Step 2: Deploy schema change
+// Run: npx convex dev
+
+// Step 3: Now use the index in queries
+export const getPublishedPosts = query({
+  args: {},
+  returns: v.array(v.object({
+    _id: v.id("posts"),
+    title: v.string(),
+    publishedAt: v.number(),
+  })),
+  handler: async (ctx) => {
+    const posts = await ctx.db
+      .query("posts")
+      .withIndex("by_status_and_published", (q) =>
+        q.eq("status", "published")
+      )
+      .order("desc")
+      .take(10);
+
+    return posts
+      .filter((p) => p.publishedAt !== undefined)
+      .map((p) => ({
+        _id: p._id,
+        title: p.title,
+        publishedAt: p.publishedAt!,
+      }));
+  },
+});
+```
+
+### Changing Field Types
+
+Type changes require careful migration:
+
+```typescript
+// Example: Change from string to number for a "priority" field
+
+// Step 1: Add new field with new type
+// convex/schema.ts
+export default defineSchema({
+  tasks: defineTable({
+    title: v.string(),
+    priority: v.string(), // Old: "low", "medium", "high"
+    priorityLevel: v.optional(v.number()), // New: 1, 2, 3
+  }),
+});
+
+// Step 2: Backfill with type conversion
+export const migratePriorityToNumber = internalMutation({
+  args: { cursor: v.optional(v.string()) },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const result = await ctx.db
+      .query("tasks")
+      .paginate({ numItems: 100, cursor: args.cursor ?? null });
+
+    const priorityMap: Record<string, number> = {
+      low: 1,
+      medium: 2,
+      high: 3,
+    };
+
+    for (const task of result.page) {
+      if (task.priorityLevel === undefined) {
+        await ctx.db.patch(task._id, {
+          priorityLevel: priorityMap[task.priority] ?? 1,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!result.isDone) {
+      await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.migrations.migratePriorityToNumber, {
+        cursor: result.continueCursor,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+
+// Step 3: Update code to use new field
+export const getTask = query({
+  args: { taskId: v.id("tasks") },
+  returns: v.object({
+    _id: v.id("tasks"),
+    title: v.string(),
+    priorityLevel: v.number(),
+  }),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const task = await ctx.db.get(args.taskId);
+    if (!task) throw new Error("Task not found");
+
+    const priorityMap: Record<string, number> = {
+      low: 1,
+      medium: 2,
+      high: 3,
+    };
+
+    return {
+      _id: task._id,
+      title: task.title,
+      priorityLevel: task.priorityLevel ?? priorityMap[task.priority] ?? 1,
+    };
+  },
+});
+
+// Step 4: After backfill, update schema
+export default defineSchema({
+  tasks: defineTable({
+    title: v.string(),
+    // priority field removed
+    priorityLevel: v.number(),
+  }),
+});
+```
+
+### Migration Runner Pattern
+
+Create a reusable migration system:
+
+```typescript
+// convex/schema.ts
+import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+export default defineSchema({
+  migrations: defineTable({
+    name: v.string(),
+    startedAt: v.number(),
+    completedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    status: v.union(
+      v.literal("running"),
+      v.literal("completed"),
+      v.literal("failed")
+    ),
+    error: v.optional(v.string()),
+    processed: v.number(),
+  }).index("by_name", ["name"]),
+
+  // Your other tables...
+});
+```
+
+```typescript
+// convex/migrations.ts
+import { internalMutation, internalQuery } from "./_generated/server";
+import { internal } from "./_generated/api";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+// Check if migration has run
+export const hasMigrationRun = internalQuery({
+  args: { name: v.string() },
+  returns: v.boolean(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const migration = await ctx.db
+      .query("migrations")
+      .withIndex("by_name", (q) => q.eq("name", args.name))
+      .first();
+    return migration?.status === "completed";
+  },
+});
+
+// Start a migration
+export const startMigration = internalMutation({
+  args: { name: v.string() },
+  returns: v.id("migrations"),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    // Check if already exists
+    const existing = await ctx.db
+      .query("migrations")
+      .withIndex("by_name", (q) => q.eq("name", args.name))
+      .first();
+
+    if (existing) {
+      if (existing.status === "completed") {
+        throw new Error(`Migration ${args.name} already completed`);
+      }
+      if (existing.status === "running") {
+        throw new Error(`Migration ${args.name} already running`);
+      }
+      // Reset failed migration
+      await ctx.db.patch(existing._id, {
+        status: "running",
+        startedAt: Date.now(),
+        error: undefined,
+        processed: 0,
+      });
+      return existing._id;
+    }
+
+    return await ctx.db.insert("migrations", {
+      name: args.name,
+      startedAt: Date.now(),
+      status: "running",
+      processed: 0,
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+// Update migration progress
+export const updateMigrationProgress = internalMutation({
+  args: {
+    migrationId: v.id("migrations"),
+    processed: v.number(),
+  },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    const migration = await ctx.db.get(args.migrationId);
+    if (!migration) return null;
+
+    await ctx.db.patch(args.migrationId, {
+      processed: migration.processed + args.processed,
+    });
+
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+
+// Complete a migration
+export const completeMigration = internalMutation({
+  args: { migrationId: v.id("migrations") },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    await ctx.db.patch(args.migrationId, {
+      status: "completed",
+      completedAt: Date.now(),
+    });
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+
+// Fail a migration
+export const failMigration = internalMutation({
+  args: {
+    migrationId: v.id("migrations"),
+    error: v.string(),
+  },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    await ctx.db.patch(args.migrationId, {
+      status: "failed",
+      error: args.error,
+    });
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+```
+
+```typescript
+// convex/migrations/addUserTimestamps.ts
+import { internalMutation } from "../_generated/server";
+import { internal } from "../_generated/api";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+const MIGRATION_NAME = "add_user_timestamps_v1";
+const BATCH_SIZE = 100;
+
+export const run = internalMutation({
+  args: {
+    migrationId: v.optional(v.id("migrations")),
+    cursor: v.optional(v.string()),
+  },
+  returns: v.null(),
+  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
+    // Initialize migration on first run
+    let migrationId = args.migrationId;
+    if (!migrationId) {
+      const hasRun = await ctx.runQuery(internal.migrations.hasMigrationRun, {
+        name: MIGRATION_NAME,
+      });
+      if (hasRun) {
+        console.log(`Migration ${MIGRATION_NAME} already completed`);
+        return null;
+      }
+      migrationId = await ctx.runMutation(internal.migrations.startMigration, {
+        name: MIGRATION_NAME,
+      });
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = await ctx.db
+        .query("users")
+        .paginate({ numItems: BATCH_SIZE, cursor: args.cursor ?? null });
+
+      let processed = 0;
+      for (const user of result.page) {
+        if (user.createdAt === undefined) {
+          await ctx.db.patch(user._id, {
+            createdAt: user._creationTime,
+            updatedAt: user._creationTime,
+          });
+          processed++;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Update progress
+      await ctx.runMutation(internal.migrations.updateMigrationProgress, {
+        migrationId,
+        processed,
+      });
+
+      // Continue or complete
+      if (!result.isDone) {
+        await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.migrations.addUserTimestamps.run, {
+          migrationId,
+          cursor: result.continueCursor,
+        });
+      } else {
+        await ctx.runMutation(internal.migrations.completeMigration, {
+          migrationId,
+        });
+        console.log(`Migration ${MIGRATION_NAME} completed`);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      await ctx.runMutation(internal.migrations.failMigration, {
+        migrationId,
+        error: String(error),
+      });
+      throw error;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  },
+});
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### Schema with Migration Support
+
+```typescript
+// convex/schema.ts
+import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
+import { v } from "convex/values";
+
+export default defineSchema({
+  // Migration tracking
+  migrations: defineTable({
+    name: v.string(),
+    startedAt: v.number(),
+    completedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    status: v.union(
+      v.literal("running"),
+      v.literal("completed"),
+      v.literal("failed")
+    ),
+    error: v.optional(v.string()),
+    processed: v.number(),
+  }).index("by_name", ["name"]),
+
+  // Users table with evolved schema
+  users: defineTable({
+    // Original fields
+    name: v.string(),
+    email: v.string(),
+    
+    // Added in migration v1
+    createdAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    updatedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    
+    // Added in migration v2
+    avatarUrl: v.optional(v.string()),
+    
+    // Added in migration v3
+    settings: v.optional(v.object({
+      theme: v.string(),
+      notifications: v.boolean(),
+    })),
+  })
+    .index("by_email", ["email"])
+    .index("by_createdAt", ["createdAt"]),
+
+  // Posts table with indexes for common queries
+  posts: defineTable({
+    title: v.string(),
+    content: v.string(),
+    authorId: v.id("users"),
+    status: v.union(
+      v.literal("draft"),
+      v.literal("published"),
+      v.literal("archived")
+    ),
+    publishedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
+    createdAt: v.number(),
+    updatedAt: v.number(),
+  })
+    .index("by_author", ["authorId"])
+    .index("by_status", ["status"])
+    .index("by_author_and_status", ["authorId", "status"])
+    .index("by_publishedAt", ["publishedAt"]),
+});
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- Never run `npx convex deploy` unless explicitly instructed
+- Never run any git commands unless explicitly instructed
+- Always start with optional fields when adding new data
+- Backfill data in batches to avoid timeouts
+- Test migrations on development before production
+- Keep track of completed migrations to avoid re-running
+- Update code to handle both old and new data during transition
+- Remove deprecated fields only after all code stops using them
+- Use pagination for large datasets
+- Add appropriate indexes before running queries on new fields
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+1. **Making new fields required immediately** - Breaks existing documents
+2. **Not handling undefined values** - Causes runtime errors
+3. **Large batch sizes** - Causes function timeouts
+4. **Forgetting to update indexes** - Queries fail or perform poorly
+5. **Running migrations without tracking** - May run multiple times
+6. **Removing fields before code update** - Breaks existing functionality
+7. **Not testing on development** - Production data issues
+
+## References
+
+- Convex Documentation: https://docs.convex.dev/
+- Convex LLMs.txt: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
+- Schemas: https://docs.convex.dev/database/schemas
+- Database Overview: https://docs.convex.dev/database
+- Migration Patterns: https://stack.convex.dev/migrate-data-postgres-to-convex